History and Development of Science

Human culture is characterized by thedevelopment of science andtechnology rapidlythat a result the roleand influence ofWesternphilosophical thought. Early in its development,namely Ancient Greece, identified with the philosophy of science. That is the thinking and philosophy of scienceare not separated, so that all human thought which emerged at that timecalled philosophy. In the Middle Ages, became synonymous with thephilosophy of religion, philosophical thinking at the time that it becomes onewith the dogma of the church. In the 15th century came the Renaissance was followed by Aufklaerung the 18th century that brought changes to thephilosophical outlook. At this time broke away from religious philosophy, that makes people come forward and speak without fear they will be punished by the church. Remain secular philosophy of modern times such as the Renaissance, the difference is that in this age of science split from philosophyand began to develop into several branches that happen quickly. Even in the20th century, science began to develop into a variety of specialties and sub​​-specialties.

    Science is a system originally developed to determine the state of the environment disekitanya. Moreover, science is also created to help people's lives easier. In the 20th century, and towards the 21st century, science hasbecome something substantive that dominate human life. However, not only that, science has developed so rapidly has also raises various humanitarian crisis in life. It is driven by the tendency of human problem solving morebersifsat sector. One of the efforts to resolve the humanitarian problems thatare increasingly complex to study the development of philosophical thought.

    The development of Western philosophy is divided into a number ofperiodization based on the dominant characteristic of the era. Those periodsare:
 
1. Period of Ancient Greece (Ages 6SM-6M)
  
    The hallmark of his thinking is cosmocentric, which questioned the origin of the universe and the universe as an effort to find the origin (arche) which is anelement of the onset of symptoms. And several prominent philosophers of this era express their opinions about the arches, among others:

     Thales (640-550 BC)           : arche form of water
     Anaximander (611-545 BC): arches form apeiron (the infinitive)
     Anaximenes (588-524 BC)  : arche be air
     Pythagoras (580-500 BC)   : arches can be explained on the basis ofnumbers.

    In addition to the above four figures there are two philosophers, namelyHerakleitos (540-475 BC) and Parmindes (540-475 BC) who questionedwhether the reality was changed, not into something permanent. AnotherGreek thinker is one who was instrumental in the development of science isDemocritus (460-370 BC) which asserts that reality is composed of manyelements called atoms (atomos, from a-not, and Tomos-divided). In addition,the philosopher Socrates is often discussed (470-399 BC) who directly usethe direct method of philosophy in everyday life known as dialectic(dialegesthai) which means conversing. It is also transmitted by Plato (428-348 BC). And philosophical thought this time culminating in a Aristotle (384-322 BC) who said that the main task of science is to find the causes of theinvestigated object. He also believes that each event must have four because,among other causes of material, formal cause, efficient cause and the finalcause.

2. Middle Ages (6-16M)
 
    Characteristics of thought at this age is theocentric the use of philosophical thinking to strengthen the Christian religious dogma. In this era of European thought is constrained by the necessity of conformity with religious teachings.Philosophy Augustine (354-430), which is influenced by Plato, is aphilosophical thought that discussed the state took part, namely the idea thatknowledge creation is a state that is part of God's ideas. While ThomasAquinas (1125-1274) who followed Aristotle thought, embraced the theory ofcreation which God produces creation out of nothing. In addition, creatingalso means continuously produce and preserve creation.
 
3. Period Renaissance (14-16M)
  
    It is an era that is paying attention in the field of art, philosophy, science andtechnology. This period is also known as the return of the era of human libertyin thought. Prominent philosophers of this era include Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543) who put forward the theory heliosentrisme, where the sun is the center of the universe. And Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who became a pioneering philosophy of science with the famous expression "knowledge is power"

 4. The Modern Age (17-19M)

    Patterned anthropocentric philosophy of this age, which makes the human being as the center of attention philosophical inquiry. In addition, the main topic is the problem of epistemology .

 A. Rationalism   
  
This stream is found sense is a source of adequate knowledge and trustworthy. Experience is only used to corroborate the truth of the knowledgethat has been gained through reason. One of the characters is Rene Descartes(1598-1650) who is also the founder of modern philosophy, known by his statement Cogito Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I am). The method used is called the a priori Descartes literally based on the existence of things that preceded. The point is to use this method as if the man had to know with certainty all the symptoms that occur. 

     

B. Empiricism  

Stating that the source of knowledge is experience, both physically and spiritually. Sense only function and duty to manage and process the data obtained from the experience. The method used is a posteriori or a methodbased on the things that happen in later. Spearheaded by Francis Bacon whointroduced the experimental method. 

C. Criticism 

A theory of knowledge that seeks to bring together two different viewsbetween Rationalism and Empiricism pioneered by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). He argues that knowledge is the result obtained from the cooperationbetween the two components, namely the nature of sensory experience andhow to cultivate the impression that would cause the relationship betweencause and effect. 

D. Idealism 

Starting from the union of two different Idealism between Subjective Idealism(Fitche) and Objective Idealism (Scelling) Hegel (1770-1931) became the philosophy of absolute idealism. Hegel argues that the mind is the essence ofnature and nature is whole life diobyektifkan. The principle of idealism is the belief of the meaning and structure of thought in the world which is the basicintuition.  

E. Positivism 

Founded by Auguste Comte (1798-1857) who only accept the facts foundscientific positively. Well-known motto is prevoir pour savoir, which means to know to be ready to act. The point is that humans should be aware of the symptoms and the relationships between symptoms so that he can predictwhat will happen. This philosophy is also known for its schools of empiricism-critical, observations with theory go hand in hand. He divided society intoupper social statics and social dynamics.  

F. Marxism 

Its founder was Karl Marx (1818-1883) is the flow of his philosophy is a blend of the dialectic method of Hegel and Feuerbach. Marx taught that history is run by a logic of its own, and the history of the motor consists of socialeconomic laws. For him philosophy is not just about knowledge and the will,but an act, namely to make a change, not just to interpret the world. Thatneeds to be changed is the protelar should be able to take over the role of the bourgeoisie and capitalist through revolution, so that people are no longeroppressed. 

5. Period Contemporary (20th century onwards)

    The bottom line is known as logosentris, the text becomes a central theme of the discourse of the philosophers. This is because the expressions of philosophy tends to be confusing and difficult to understand. Though the taskof philosophy is not just to make a statement about something, but also solvethe problems arising from misunderstanding of the logic language, and give a logical explanation above thoughts were expressed.

    In this emerging era of various schools of philosophy and most of thesestreams is a continuation of the schools of philosophy that once flourished in the days before, such as Neo-Thomism, Neo-Marxism, Neo-Positivism and so on.